Perioperative nursing coordination and complication management in Yttrium-90 radioactive microsphere therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Perioperative nursing coordination and complication management in Yttrium-90 (Y-90) radioactive microsphere therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly structured and multidisciplinary process aimed at ensuring patient safety, optimizing treatment outcomes, and minimizing complications. Y-90 therapy, a form of internal radiation therapy delivered via interventional radiology, requires precise nursing care, radiation safety measures, and seamless collaboration among healthcare professionals. Below is a detailed breakdown of the perioperative nursing coordination and complication management framework as described in the study:

### **1. Preoperative Phase**

The preoperative phase is critical for preparing the patient, the medical team, and the environment for Y-90 therapy. Key nursing responsibilities during this phase include:

• **Multidisciplinary Evaluation:** Nurses participate in the evaluation of the patient's suitability for Y-90 therapy. This includes collaborating with oncologists, interventional radiologists, and other specialists to assess the patient's condition.

• **Patient Education and Psychological Support:** Nurses educate patients about the procedure, potential risks, and expected outcomes. Psychological support is provided to alleviate anxiety and improve compliance.

• **Nutritional Risk Assessment:** Nurses assess the patient's nutritional status to optimize their physical condition before the therapy.

• **Vascular Anatomy Verification:** Nurses assist in verifying the patient’s vascular anatomy to ensure accurate delivery of the radioactive microspheres to the tumor site.

• **Radiation Dosimetry Preparation:** Nurses support the preparation of radiation dosimetry, which calculates the appropriate dose of Y-90 to be administered.

• **Patient Counseling and Rehearsal:** Nurses conduct counseling sessions and procedural rehearsals with the medical team to enhance patient understanding and readiness.

• **Radiation Safety and Emergency Planning:** Strict preparation of radiation-protective equipment and emergency response plans ensures a safe environment for both patients and staff.

### **2. Intraoperative Phase**

During the intraoperative phase, nursing care focuses on coordination, monitoring, and maintaining safety. Responsibilities include:

• **Patient Positioning and Vascular Access Assistance:** Nurses ensure proper patient positioning and assist with vascular access for the delivery of Y-90 microspheres.

• **Real-Time Vital Sign Monitoring:** Continuous monitoring of the patient's vital signs is essential to detect and address any immediate complications.

• **Radiation Protection Measures:** Nurses implement rigorous radiation safety protocols to minimize exposure to both the patient and healthcare staff. This includes contamination control, handling of radioactive materials, and proper disposal of radioactive waste.

• **Contamination Control:** Nurses take precautions to prevent contamination during the procedure, ensuring that all radioactive materials are managed safely.

### **3. Postoperative Phase**

Postoperative care focuses on managing radiation safety, preventing complications, and supporting recovery. Key nursing interventions include:

• **Radiation Safety Management:** Nurses ensure that radiation safety protocols are followed, including monitoring for residual radiation exposure and providing guidance on safe interactions with others.

• **Symptom Prevention and Liver Protection:** Nurses monitor and manage symptoms such as pain, nausea, and fatigue. They also focus on protecting liver function, as the liver may be affected by both the therapy and the underlying disease.

• **Hydration Support:** Adequate hydration is maintained to support overall recovery and mitigate potential side effects.

• **Dynamic Monitoring with Early-Warning Systems:** Nurses use early-warning systems to detect and address complications promptly. This includes monitoring for signs of radiation-induced liver disease, vascular injury, or other adverse effects.

• **Tiered Complication Management:** Complications are managed using a tiered approach based on standardized grading. This allows for early detection and timely intervention, reducing the risk of severe outcomes.

### **4. Follow-Up Care**

Long-term follow-up care is essential for monitoring the patient’s recovery and addressing any delayed complications. Nursing responsibilities include:

• **Rehabilitation Guidance:** Nurses provide guidance on physical rehabilitation to help patients regain strength and function.

• **Nutritional Management:** Nutritional support is continued to promote healing and maintain overall health.

• **Psychological Support:** Ongoing psychological support is offered to help patients cope with the emotional and mental challenges of cancer treatment.

• **Long-Term Monitoring:** Nurses play a key role in coordinating follow-up appointments, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to monitor the patient’s response to therapy and detect any recurrence or complications.

### **Key Outcomes**

The structured perioperative nursing coordination model and complication management framework described in the study are designed to:

• Improve the safety and standardization of Y-90 therapy.
• Enhance patient compliance and procedural readiness.
• Minimize radiation exposure and occupational hazards.
• Enable early detection and management of complications.
• Optimize clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

### **Conclusion**

Perioperative nursing coordination and structured complication management are essential for the successful implementation of Y-90 radioactive microsphere therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. By adhering to a standardized protocol and leveraging multidisciplinary collaboration, nursing teams can ensure the safety, effectiveness, and reproducibility of this advanced treatment modality, particularly in settings where it is newly adopted.