Endoscopic vacuum therapy for nonvariceal UGI bleeding

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT), traditionally used for gastrointestinal perforations and leaks, has shown promising results as a treatment for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB), including cases resistant to standard hemostatic therapies. The following provides detailed insights into its application and effectiveness based on the study:

### Background and Context:

• **NVUGIB** refers to upper gastrointestinal bleeding not caused by esophageal or gastric varices. It can arise from conditions such as peptic ulcers, gastric erosions, or duodenal ulcers.
• EVT's use for bleeding gained interest during the COVID-19 pandemic when case reports highlighted its success in controlling diffuse duodenal bleeding in COVID-19 patients. This success suggested that EVT might have broader applications beyond its traditional role in managing perforations and leaks.

### Study Overview:

• Researchers analyzed **19 patients** treated with EVT for NVUGIB, using data from a prospectively collected database.
• A significant portion of these patients (**57.9%**) had already failed conventional treatments, such as endoscopic, radiologic, or pharmacologic interventions, making them a high-risk, difficult-to-manage group.

### Bleeding Sites and Challenges:

• The **duodenum** was the most common site of bleeding in the study, particularly areas with fibrosis or diffuse bleeding. These sites are notoriously challenging to manage using traditional endoscopic techniques due to anatomical complexities and the nature of the bleeding.

### Effectiveness of EVT:

1. **Technical Success**:

• EVT achieved technical success in **100% of patients**, meaning the vacuum device was successfully placed and functioned as intended.

2. **Clinical Success**:

• Stable hemostasis, without the need for further interventions, was achieved in **89.5% of patients**.
• Outcomes were similar for COVID-related bleeding and non-COVID-related bleeding patients (**88% vs. 91%**), demonstrating EVT's consistent effectiveness regardless of underlying inflammation or coagulopathy associated with COVID-19.

3. **Safety**:

• No procedure-related adverse events were reported, indicating EVT is both effective and safe.
• The rebleeding rate was only **11%**, which is favorable compared to standard therapies in challenging NVUGIB cases.

### Advantages of EVT for NVUGIB:

• **Effective in difficult cases**: Particularly useful for large fibrotic ulcers or diffuse duodenal bleeding where conventional endoscopic methods often fail.
• **Safe**: The absence of procedure-related complications highlights its safety profile.
• **Consistent performance**: EVT works reliably across different patient populations, including those with COVID-related coagulopathies.

### Limitations and Future Directions:

• While the results are promising, the study involved a small sample size (19 patients). Larger studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
• Further research is needed to define optimal patient selection criteria and refine EVT protocols for NVUGIB.

### Conclusion:

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) is emerging as a valuable option for managing difficult cases of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB). Its high technical and clinical success rates, combined with a favorable safety profile, make it a promising alternative to standard treatments, especially for complex cases involving fibrotic ulcers or diffuse duodenal bleeding. However, larger-scale studies are required to validate these findings and optimize its use in clinical practice.