Frailty at 1 Year Predicts Long-Term Mortality After Liver Transplant : Liver Transpl | June 2026

Introduction:

Frailty is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of outcomes in patients with advanced liver disease and has become an important component of liver transplant evaluation. Although many patients experience functional recovery after liver transplantation, a subset remain frail or develop new frailty during the post-transplant period. The long-term consequences of persistent or newly developed frailty after transplantation have not been well defined.

Problem Statement:

Most studies have focused on pre-transplant frailty, yet little is known about the prognostic significance of frailty after transplantation. Identifying whether post-transplant frailty influences long-term survival and quality of life could help guide follow-up strategies and inform interventions aimed at improving outcomes in liver transplant recipients.

Summary:

This multicenter analysis from the Functional Assessment in Liver Transplantation (FrAILT) Study demonstrates that frailty one year after liver transplantation is a powerful predictor of long-term outcomes. Approximately one in eight transplant recipients remained frail at one year, with frailty occurring more commonly among patients with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, diabetes, prior frailty, and certain vascular comorbidities. Importantly, frailty at one year was associated with substantially higher long-term mortality and significantly poorer physical health-related quality of life. Even after accounting for other clinical factors, post-transplant frailty remained an independent predictor of adverse outcomes. Particularly noteworthy was the observation that patients who transitioned from a non-frail state before transplantation to a frail state one year later experienced the greatest increase in mortality risk. These findings challenge the assumption that successful transplantation alone eliminates the prognostic impact of frailty and suggest that functional recovery should be considered a major post-transplant outcome. The study highlights the first year after liver transplantation as a critical window for ongoing frailty assessment and intervention. Structured rehabilitation, nutritional optimization, physical activity programs, and targeted management of metabolic comorbidities may represent important opportunities to improve long-term survival and quality of life. Overall, the findings support incorporating routine frailty assessment into post-transplant care and emphasize frailty as a modifiable determinant of long-term transplant success.